References

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Fermentation Types, Home page:

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2. Ai, B. L., Li, J. Z., Chi, X., & Meng, J. (2013, September 10). Butyric acid fermentation from rice straw with undefined mixed culture: Enhancement by PH control. Advanced Materials Research. https://www.scientific.net/AMR.807-809.1198 

3. Chin, T. (2023, June 9). The science of lactic acid fermentation: Pickles, kraut, kimchi, and more. Serious Eats. https://www.seriouseats.com/science-of-lactic-acid-fermentation-preservation 

4. Duncan. (2023, November 30). Understanding fermentation temperature control. American Homebrewers Association. https://www.homebrewersassociation.org/how-to-brew/understanding-fermentation-temperature-control/ 

5. Gomes, R. J., Borges, M. de F., Rosa, M. de F., Castro-Gómez, R. J. H., & Spinosa, W. A. (2018, June). Acetic acid bacteria in the food industry: Systematics, characteristics and applications. Food technology and biotechnology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6117990/ 

6. Lindsay. (2017, August 6). Temperature and speed for bacterial fermentation. Supreme Vinegar. https://supremevinegar.com/temperature-speed-bacterial-fermentation/ 

7. Narendranath, N. V., & Power, R. (2005, May). Relationship between ph and medium dissolved solids in terms of growth and metabolism of lactobacilli and saccharomyces cerevisiae during ethanol production. Applied and environmental microbiology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1087585/ 

8. Madaan, M. (2021, January 4). Effect of nutrients on yeast. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/effect-nutrients-yeast-munish-ma\daan 

9. Rault, A., Bouix, M., & Béal, C. (2009, July). Fermentation Ph influences the physiological-state dynamics of lactobacillus Bulgaricus CFL1 during ph-controlled culture. Applied and environmental microbiology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2704822/#:~:text=Optimal%20pH%20ranges%20were%20therefore,to%206.9)%20(8)

10. Sisters, A. (2018, May 1). Fermentation. YouTube. https://youtu.be/YbdkbCU20_M?si=szHa_jQD3R7iEeOy&t=198 

11. Timmermans E;Bautil A;Brijs K;Scheirlinck I;Van der Meulen R;Courtin CM; (2022, May 11). Sugar levels determine fermentation dynamics during yeast pastry making and its impact on dough and product characteristics. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35626960/ 

12. Yalcin, S. K., & Yesim Ozbas, Z. (2008a, April). Effects of ph and temperature on growth and glycerol production kinetics of two indigenous wine strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae from Turkey. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3768410/ 

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17. BYJUS. (2022, September 21). Vinegar production flow chart. https://byjus.com/neet/vinegar-production-flow-chart/

18. Luzón-Quintana, L. M., Castro, R., & Durán-Guerrero, E. (2021, April 26). Biotechnological processes in fruit vinegar production. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8145929/#sec5-foods-10-00945

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23. FuseSchool. (2018). Making Yoghurt | Health | Biology | FuseSchool. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZSoYrHyX9c

24. Monash University. (2025). Anaerobic fermentation of biomass for fuel production - student academic success. Student Academic Success. https://www.monash.edu/student-academic-success/biology/biotechnological-applications-of-biochemical-pathways/anaerobic-fermentation-of-biomass-for-fuel-production

25. Wikimedia Foundation. (2025b, May 25). Biodiesel production. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production

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27. Cellulose acetate butyrate. Ataman Kimya. (2020). https://www.atamanchemicals.com/cellulose-acetate-butyrate_u25203/

28. Google. (2020). CN111171161A - cellulose acetate butyrate and preparation method thereof. Google Patents. https://patents.google.com/patent/CN111171161A/en

29. Dwidar, M., Park, J.-Y., Mitchell, R. J., & Sang, B.-I. (2012). The future of butyric acid in industry. TheScientificWorldJournal. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3349206/#sec6

30. Sun, J., Chen, S., Zang, D., Sun, H., Sun, Y., & Chen, J. (2024, April). Butyrate as a promising therapeutic target in cancer: From pathogenesis to clinic (review). International journal of oncology. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10919761/#sec24

31. Banasiewicz T;Krokowicz Ł;Stojcev Z;Kaczmarek BF;Kaczmarek E;Maik J;Marciniak R;Krokowicz P;Walkowiak J;Drews M; (n.d.). Microencapsulated sodium butyrate reduces the frequency of abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22738315/#libraryItemId=12092627

32. Tessener, E. (2016, August 2). Part Three: How to reduce variables in fiber reactive dyeing - first source worldwide. First Source Worldwide -. https://www.fsw.cc/part-three-reduce-variables-fiber-reactive-dyeing/

33. Ahmed, M. (2022, March 25). A critical review: Production & purification process of acetic acid from the sustainable sources. Textile News, Apparel News, RMG News, Fashion Trends. https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/a-critical-review-production-purification-process-of-acetic-acid-from-the-sustainable-sources

34. Blyth, J. (2022). Grape treading: What is it and where can you try it?. Good Housekeeping. https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/uk/lifestyle/travel/a40662994/grape-treading/

35. Barth, J. (2019, July 27). The secret life of yeasts: Spontaneous fermentation in wine. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillbarth/2019/07/26/the-secret-life-of-yeasts-spontaneous-fermentation-in-wine/

36. About, W. n\’. (2014). Fermented grape juice. Wine n’ About. https://www.wineandabout.com/basics/fermented-grape-juice/

37. Hemphill, R. (n.d.). Winesandwinemaking.com. Wines And Winemaking.com. https://www.winesandwinemaking.com/articles/malo_softens.php

38. VinePair. (2018, August 27). Why wine is aged in oak. A history lesson. https://vinepair.com/wine-101/wine-aged-oak-history-lesson/

39. Miyajima Shoyu Co.,Ltd. (2018, April 23). Vinegar production process: Miyajima Shoyu. 宮島醤油. https://www.miyajima-soy.co.jp/english-site/en-fermented-foods/about-vinegar

40. Murooka, Y. (1970, January 1). Acetic acid bacteria in production of vinegars and traditional fermented foods. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-55933-7_2

41. 每日頭條 - 每日新鮮頭條一網打盡. 每日頭條. (2019). https://kknews.cc/

42. Redzepi, R., & Zilber, D. (2016). Vinegar: How to improve practically anything. Noma Projects. https://nomaprojects.com/blogs/journal/vinegar-how-to-improve-practically-anything

43. Wp. (2018, July 23). Pasteurizing vinegar: An improvement. Sunset Magazine. https://www.sunset.com/food-wine/pasteurizing-vinegar-an-improvement

44. New England Cheesemaking Supply Company®. (2025). Cheese making cultures FAQ. New England Cheesemaking Supply Company. https://cheesemaking.com/blogs/learn/faq-cheese-making-cultures

45. From milk to cheese. Torino Cheese. (n.d.). https://www.torinocheese.com/en/from-milk-to-cheese/

46. Cahn, L. (2023, March 5). What actually is curds and whey?. Tasting Table. https://www.tastingtable.com/1212578/what-actually-is-curds-and-whey/

47. Kincaid, J. (2024, December 28). Why Cheese Tastes Salty (Essential Ingredient In Cheesemaking). https://cheesescientist.com/science/why-does-cheese-taste-salty/

48. Kumar, P. (2023). Curing/ripening of cheese - ihm notes by hmhub. https://hmhub.in/2nd-sem-food-production-notes/curing-ripening-cheese/

49. Tassmatt. (2022, April 22). Methods used in milk pasteurization in Kenya. milkatmkenya.com. https://milkatmkenya.com/blog/methods-used-in-milk-pasteurization-in-kenya/

50. Ginhong. (2022, September 3). Homogenization of milk: What it is and how to process. https://ginhong.com/homogenization-of-milk-what-it-is-and-how-to-process/

51. Luvele US. (n.d.). Everything you need to know about yogurt starter culture. https://www.luvele.com/blogs/recipe-blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-yogurt-starter-culture

52. Antoniotahhan. (2009, December 29). Yogurt, plain and simple. Antonio Tahhan. https://antoniotahhan.com/2009/12/29/yogurt-plain-and-simple/

53. Paupardin, T. (2020, April 21). Why is it important to cool yogurt fast?. Fromfroid. https://www.fromfroid.com/en/why-is-it-important-to-cool-yogurt-fast/

54. BBEU. (2023, November 8). Biomass pretreatment. Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant. https://www.bbeu.org/what-we-offer/technologies/biomass-pretreatment/

55. Shanghai Beyond Machinery. (2025, May 9). Enzymatic Hydrolysis Tank. IBC MACHINE. https://fruitprocessingmachine.com/portfolio-items/enzymatic-hydrolysis-tank/

56. TOFWERK, F., Ltd, F. S. M. S., Hydrogen, F. N., Johanson, F. J. &, Products, F. P. I., & From Thermo Fisher Scientific – Environmental and Process Monitoring Instruments. (2024a, July 9). Breakthrough study enhances Bioethanol Production Efficiency. AZoCleantech. https://www.azocleantech.com/news.aspx?newsID=34996

57. Ethanol-corn mash and distillation. KS Corn. (2025, April 16). https://kscorn.com/lesson/ethanolhs/

58. Dr.Kong. (2024, January 7). Ethanol dehydration transformed by Damo’s PV membrane. Damo PV Membrane. https://damopvm.com/ethanol-dehydration/

59. sciencephotogallery. (2025). Bioethanol fuel pump by Science Photo Library. Science Photo Gallery. https://sciencephotogallery.com/featured/bioethanol-fuel-pump-victor-de-schwanberg.html

60. History of Simple Things. (2024). How Is Ethanol Fuel Made? A Step-By-Step Guide. YouTube. https://youtu.be/w8fgpvr46OY?feature=shared

61. WasteTrade. (2023, May 4). Cellulosics CA, Cab, Cap, CN recycling. https://www.wastetrade.com/resources/plastics/introduction-to-plastics/types-of-plastics/cellulosics-ca-cab-cap-cn-recycling/

62. Roberto, M. (2023, December 26). Tributyrin: The Gut Health Optimizer. The PricePlow Blog. https://blog.priceplow.com/supplement-research/tributyrin

63. DrJason Pickel. (2022). BUTYRATE - A Powerful Nutrient For Ulcerative Colitis, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Crohn’s, SIBO. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/live/0coj0kecooM?feature=shared

64. Craft-Art. (2023, October 8). Best fabric dye – choose the best dye for clothes. Your DIY, Crafting and Painting Guide. https://craft-art.com/best-fabric-dye/

65. Stewart2024-05-20T11:50:00+01:00, L. (2024, May 20). From fungi to fashion: Mushroom Eco-leather is moving towards the mainstream. The Microbiologist. https://www.the-microbiologist.com/news/from-fungi-to-fashion-mushroom-eco-leather-is-moving-towards-the-mainstream/3220.article#:~:text=New%20cultivation%20method,needing%20to%20cut%20the%20sheet.

66. Taraska, J. (2024, May 21). A biomaterial that challenges leather. ICFF. https://icff.com/stories/a-biomaterial-that-challenges-leather/

67. [hot item] biodegradable polylactic acid raw material PLA resin for injection plastic. Made. (n.d.). https://colorpigment.en.made-in-china.com/product/jFwTLUvYZoRQ/China-Biodegradable-Polylactic-Acid-Raw-Material-PLA-Resin-for-Injection-Plastic.html

68. Reid Health. (2025). Blog: Do you have a true penicillin allergy? https://www.reidhealth.org/blog/do-you-have-a-true-penicillin-allergy 

69. Business Insider. (2025). How Japan’s 800-Year-Old Indigo Dyeing Process Is Still Standing | Still Standing | Business Insider. YouTube. https://youtu.be/8OET5d5zhas?feature=shared 

70. Kiron, M. I., & Mazharul Islam KironFounder & Editor of Textile Learner. He is a Textile Consultant. (2022, December 13). Desizing process of cotton fabric. Textile Learner. https://textilelearner.net/desizing-process-of-cotton-fabric/ 

71. Ashok Athalye. (2020). (PDF) enzymatic desizing for effective processing. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340806778_Enzymatic_desizing_for_effective_processing 

72. BOC Sciences. (2024).  Antibiotic Production via Fermentation - How Do Antibiotics Work?. YouTube. https://youtu.be/foaqaQDm04M?feature=shared 

73. Reid Health. (2025a). Blog: Do you have a true penicillin allergy? https://www.reidhealth.org/blog/do-you-have-a-true-penicillin-allergy ​

74. Shomu’s Biology. (2014).  Acetic acid production (biochemistry behind it). YouTube. https://youtu.be/bjJtQkkGZzg?feature=shared 

75. ​InformationBoxTicket Lifestyles. (2025).  Butyric Acid Fermentation: Process, Applications & Health Benefits | Industrial Microbiology. YouTube. https://youtu.be/4cZg-bXBmu8?feature=shared 

76. ​Professor Dave Explains. (2020).  Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation. YouTube. https://youtu.be/bdzkbzscQm8?feature=shared 

​

Chemical process:​

1. Stanbury, P. F., Whitaker, A., & Hall, S. J. (2000). Principles of fermentation technology Peter F. Stanbury ; Allan Whitaker ; Stephen J. Hall. Butterworth Heinemann.

2. Fiveable. (2024, August 1). NADH – Anatomy and Physiology I. https://library.fiveable.me/key-terms/anatomy-physiology/nadh

3. Ophardt. (2003). Pyruvic Acid - Cross Roads Compound. https://web.archive.org/web/20180731021548/http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/603pyruvic.html

4. ​The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2025, May 24). adenosine triphosphate. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/adenosine-triphosphate

5. ​Hackmann T. J. (2024). The vast landscape of carbohydrate fermentation in prokaryotes. FEMS microbiology reviews, 48(4), fuae016. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuae016

​

Development:

1. CSIR NET Life Science. (2025, April 13). Understanding fermentation: A unique energy generation process in microbes - CSIR net life science coaching: Nta Net Life Science: CSIR Life Science. CSIR NET LIFE SCIENCE COACHING | NTA NET LIFE SCIENCE | CSIR LIFE SCIENCE. https://www.letstalkacademy.com/energy-generation-fermentation-process-organic-compounds5548-2/

2. Researchguides: Fermentation science: History of fermentation science. History of Fermentation Science - Fermentation Science - ResearchGuides at Linda Hall Library. (n.d.). https://libguides.lindahall.org/fermentation/history/LouisPasteur

3. Fox, P. F., Guinee, T. P., Cogan, T. M., & McSweeney, P. L. H. (2017). Fundamentals of Cheese Science. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Atef-Abou-El-Nour/publication/286119901_CHEESES_Processed_Cheese/links/60e2e4eca6fdccb74506d072/CHEESES-Processed-Cheese.pdf

4. Introduction. "Song of the Vine: A History of Wine. (n.d.). https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ewga/exhibition/introduction/index.html

5. (PDF) history of yogurt and current patterns of consumption. (n.d.-a). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280051008_History_of_yogurt_and_current_patterns_of_consumption

6. Aouizerat, T., Gutman, I., Paz, Y., Maeir, A. M., Gadot, Y., Gelman, D., Szitenberg, A., Drori, E., Pinkus, A., Schoemann, M., Kaplan, R., Ben-Gedalya, T., Coppenhagen-Glazer, S., Reich, E., Saragovi, A., Lipschits, O., Klutstein, M., & Hazan, R. (2019, April 30). Isolation and characterization of live yeast cells from ancient vessels as a tool in bio-archaeology. mBio. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6495373/#s4

7. Samuel, D. (1996, July 26). Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Baking and Brewing Methods by Correlative Microscopy . https://web.archive.org/web/20171215171901id_/http://ancientgrains.org:80/samuel1996science.pdf

8. How the Sumerians drank beer. Le Temps d’une Bière. (2025, May 8). https://letempsdunebiere.ca/how-the-sumerians-invented-beer/

9. Tauber, F. W. (1976). The history of sausage. https://meatscience.org/docs/default-source/publications-resources/rmc/1976/the-history-of-sausage.pdf?sfvrsn=5d0dbbb3_2

10. William, R. (2007). History of biotechnology timeline. Timetoast Timelines. https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-biotechnology-458b8c27-4443-477e-a9ed-3fc6a0190305

11. Li S;Guo L;Gu J;Mu G;Tuo Y; (n.d.). Screening lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains for soybean paste fermentation in northeast of China. Food science & nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37576040/

12. Anne Thierry. Lactofermentation of vegetables: An ancient method of preservation matching new trends. Trends in Food Science & Technology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224423002194

13. Legacy. Bushmills® Irish Whiskey. (2025). https://bushmills.com/pages/legacy

14. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2025a, April 19). Louis Pasteur. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-Pasteur

15. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (2025b, May 16). Eduard Buchner. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eduard-Buchner

16. Buchner, E. (1897). Alcoholic fermentation without yeast cells*. https://mechanism.ucsd.edu/bill/teaching/w22/phil147/buchner.1897.pdf

17. Manchester, K. (2010). Eduard Buchner and the origins of modern biochemistry. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_130

18. E S Es, S. (2020, April). Researchgate. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sudeepa-E-S-Es/publication/351587194_A_Review_Article_on_Zymase/links/609e90e0458515c265905e61/A-Review-Article-on-Zymase.pdf?origin=publication_detail

19. Roca, A. (n.d.). History of cheese. GourmetFoodStore.com. https://www.gourmetfoodstore.com/history-cheese-15188

20. Reconstruction of the wine press at Tell el-Burak, looking from the... | download scientific diagram. (n.d.-b). https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Reconstruction-of-the-wine-press-at-Tell-el-Burak-looking-from-the-south-east-courtesy_fig2_344253429

21. Hendy, J., Rest, M., & Warinner, C. (2022, January 12). The ancient history of yoghurt [essay]. Fermentology. https://fermentology.pubpub.org/pub/03g490i8/release/1

22. Kroeger, A. (2019, August 7). The ancient Egyptian yeasts being used to bake modern bread. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49262255

23. Paleo, M. (2022, May 8). Who invented sausages: Bangers 101. Primal Cut. https://www.primalcut.co.uk/post/who-invented-sausages

24. Sci Files. (2021). The Science of Kimchi Fermentation - Science - Flavourful Summer of STEAM. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0KiunTzwaQ0

25. Bodin, G. (n.d.). Oenology - Louis Pasteur, yeast and bacteria. dahu.bio. https://www.dahu.bio/en/knowledge/oenology/oenology-louis-pasteur-yeast-and-bacteria

26. Spirin, A. S., Carlson, E. D., Hodgman, C. E., Ozawa, K., Harris, D. C., Wang, X., Altmann, M., Michel-Reydellet, N., Tsao, Y. S., Meijer, M. M., … Jewett, M. C. (2014, August 4). Evaluating fermentation effects on cell growth and crude extract metabolic activity for improved yeast cell-free protein synthesis. Biochemical Engineering Journal. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1369703X14002162

27. Medical Biotechnology. (2017). Pasteur effect. Pasteur Effect - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/pasteur-effect

​

Industrialisation:

1. CRISPR and Genome Editing in Industrial Microorganisms. Chang S. (2025). https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/crispr-and-genome-editing-in-industrial-microorganisms.pdf

2. Perfect day’s proferm - animal free milk protein. Perfect Day. (2023, July 5). https://perfectday.com/proferm/

3. Our mission. Mission | Impossible Foods. (2024). https://impossiblefoods.com/mission

4. A. Ewing, T., Niels Nouse, Lint, M. van, Haveren, J. van, Jeroen Hugenholtz, & Es, D. S. van. (2022, July 21). Fermentation for the production of biobased chemicals in a circular economy: A perspective for the period 2022–2050. Green Chemistry. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/gc/d1gc04758b